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''Andrea Chénier'' is a verismo opera in four acts by the composer Umberto Giordano, set to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica. It is based loosely on the life of the French poet, André Chénier (1762-1794), who was executed during the French Revolution. The character Carlo Gérard is partly based on Jean-Lambert Tallien, a leader of the Revolution. ''Andrea Chénier'' remains popular with audiences, though it is now less frequently performed than it was during the first half of the 20th century. One reason that the opera has stayed in the repertoire is due to the magnificent lyric-dramatic music provided by Giordano for the tenor lead, which gives a talented singer many opportunities to demonstrate his histrionic skill and flaunt his voice. Indeed, Giuseppe Borgatti's triumph in the title part at the first performance immediately propelled him to the front rank of Italian opera singers. Borgatti went on to become Italy's greatest Wagnerian tenor rather than a verismo-opera specialist. ==Performance history== The work was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, on 28 March 1896 with Evelina Carrera, Giuseppe Borgatti (who replaced Alfonso Garulli at the eleventh hour) and Mario Sammarco in the leading parts of soprano, tenor and baritone respectively. Rodolfo Ferrari conducted. Other notable first performances include those in New York at the Academy of Music on 13 November 1896; in Hamburg on 3 February 1897 under the baton of Gustav Mahler; and in London's Camden Theatre on 16 April 1903 (sung in English). Apart from Borgatti, famous Cheniers in the period between the opera's premiere and the outbreak of World War II included Francesco Tamagno (who studied the work with Giordano), Giovanni Zenatello, Giovanni Martinelli, Aureliano Pertile, Francesco Merli, Beniamino Gigli, Giacomo Lauri-Volpi and Antonio Cortis. Enrico Caruso also gave a few performances as Chenier in London in 1907. All of these tenors with the exception of Borgatti have left 78-rpm recordings of one or more of the part's showpiece solos. Post-war, Franco Corelli, Richard Tucker and Mario del Monaco were the most famous interpreters of the title role during the 1950s and 1960s, while Plácido Domingo became its foremost interpreter among the next generation of tenors, although Domingo's contemporary Luciano Pavarotti also successfully sang and recorded the work. The Wagnerian tenor Ben Heppner tackled the role in New York City at a 2007 Metropolitan Opera revival with mixed success; his voice was impressively powerful but did not fit the style, critics alleged. 〔"His impressive voice, however, lacks the fleshy, red-meat Italianate qualities that this role cries out for."http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/24/arts/music/24andr.html〕 The Keith Warner-directed production was performed in 2011 and 2012 in Bregenz, Austria, under the name of "André Chénier", using an almost 78-foot high statue of a dying Jean-Paul Marat sinking in the water, an ode to the 1793 Jacques-Louis David painting, ''The Death of Marat'', which depicts the murdered revolutionary slumped over in his bathtub.〔(Austrian Opera Recreates David's "Death of Marat" for a Revolutionary Production on Lake Constance ) artinfo.com〕 In addition to four arias and ariosos for the principal tenor (''Un dì all'azzurro spazio''; ''Io non amato ancor''; ''Si, fui soldato''; and, ''Come un bel dì di maggio''), the opera contains a well-known aria (''La mamma morta'') for the soprano heroine, which was featured in the film ''Philadelphia'' (the Maria Callas version is used on the soundtrack〔In the famous "Opera Scene" from the 1993 film ''Philadelphia'', the protagonist, Tom Hanks, translates into English the words of Maria Callas's recording, in Italian, of "La mamma morta"〕). Also worth noting are the baritone's expressive monologue ''Nemico della Patria'' and the final, rousing, soprano-tenor duet for the two leads as they prepare to face the guillotine. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Andrea Chénier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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